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Organizational culture encompasses values and behaviors that "contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization."〔''The Business Dictionary''. Organizational culture.() Accessed June 22, 2015〕 According to Needle (2004), organizational culture represents the collective values, beliefs and principles of organizational members and is a product of such factors as history, product, market, technology, and strategy, type of employees, management style, and national culture. Culture includes the organization's vision, values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits. Ravasi and Schultz (2006) wrote that organizational culture is a set of shared assumptions that guide what happens in organizations by defining appropriate behavior for various situations. It is also the pattern of such collective behaviors and assumptions that are taught to new organizational members as a way of perceiving and, even, thinking and feeling. Thus, organizational culture affects the way people and groups interact with each other, with clients, and with stakeholders. In addition, organizational culture may affect how much employees identify with an organization. Schein (1992), Deal and Kennedy (2000), and Kotter (1992) advanced the idea that organizations often have very differing cultures as well as subcultures.〔 〕〔Deal T. E. and Kennedy, A. A. (1982, 2000) ''Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life'', Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1982; reissue Perseus Books, 2000〕 Although a company may have its "own unique culture", in larger organizations there are sometimes co-existing or conflicting subcultures because each subculture is linked to a different management team. Bernard Rosauer (2012), in 'Three Bell Curves: Business Culture Decoded' ((), described his methods for helping organization leaders better understand what culture is, whether it could be measured and how it might be improved. Using Kennedy and Deal's definition of culture ('the way things are done around here'), Rosauer further defined culture as an 'emergence' – an extremely complex and often immeasurable state, resulting the combination of relatively few ingredients. From an organizations standpoint Rosauer argues the ingredients are 'employee (the people who get things done), the work (the things that actually get done), and the customer (the consumer of the provision). == Usage == ''Organizational culture'' refers to culture in any type of organization including that of schools, universities, not-for-profit groups, government agencies, or business entities. In business, terms such as corporate culture and company culture are sometimes used to refer to a similar concept. The term corporate culture became widely known in the business world in the late 1980s and early 1990s.〔"Culture is everything," said Lou Gerstner, the CEO who pulled IBM from near ruin in the 1990s.", (Culture Clash: When Corporate Culture Fights Strategy, It Can Cost You ), knowmgmt, Arizona State University, March 30, 2011〕〔Unlike many expressions that emerge in business jargon, the term spread to newspapers and magazines. Few usage experts object to the term. Over 80 percent of usage experts accept the sentence ''The new management style is a reversal of GE's traditional corporate culture, in which virtually everything the company does is measured in some form and filed away somewhere.''", The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.〕 ''Corporate culture'' was already used by managers, sociologists, and organizational theorists by the beginning of the 80s.〔One of the first to point to the importance of culture for organizational analysis and the intersection of culture theory and organization theory is Linda Smircich in her article Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis in 1983. See Linda Smircich, ''Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis'', Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume: 28, Issue: 3, Publisher: JSTOR, , 1983, pp. 339-358〕〔"The term "Corporate Culture" is fast losing the academic ring it once had among U.S. manager. Sociologists and anthropologists popularized the word "culture" in its technical sense, which describes overall behavior patterns in groups. But corporate managers, untrained in sociology jargon, found it difficult to use the term unselfconsciously." in Phillip Farish, Career Talk: Corporate Culture, Hispanic Engineer, issue 1, year 1, 1982〕 The related idea of organizational climate emerged in the 1960s and 70s, and the terms are now somewhat overlapping.〔Halpin, A. W., & Croft, D. B. (1963). ''The organizational climate of schools''. Chicago: Midwest Administration Center of the University of Chicago.〕〔Fred C. Lunenburg, Allan C. Ornstein, ''(Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices )'', Cengage Learning, 2011, pp. 67〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Organizational culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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